THE ADJECTIVE

1. What are adjectives?

Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing.

2. What do adjectives modify?

Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns/names.

person	thing
Mandy is a careful girl.	This is a nice car.
Mandy is careful.	The car is nice.
She is careful.	It is nice.

3. Where do adjectives go?

An adjective can be put before the noun. Then it is an attribute.

person	thing
Mandy is a careful girl.	This is a nice car.

An adjective can be put after the verb to be (is). This is called predicative position.

person	thing
The girl is careful.	This car is nice.

Adjectives can go after the following verbs:

• appear
• become
• feel
• get
• go
• keep
• turn

When we speak about what something looks like, smells, sounds and tastes – we use the adjective. Mind the difference between adjective and adverb.

• I feel great.
• She looks good.
• It seems impossible.
• The steak smells fantastic.

4. Can adjectives be used without nouns?

Yes, adjectives can be used without nouns. Mind the definite article the:

• the rich = rich people

Here is an example from the fairy tale Cinderella:

• “The good must be put in the dish, the bad you may eat if you wish.”

Here is another example with nationalities in the plural:

• The Scottish live in the North of the United Kingdom.

5. Can two or more adjectives be used together?

Yes, if you use more adjectives you can put them in front of the noun:

• a fat old cat

or you can put them after the verb (e.g. to be). In this case and is placed between the last two adjectives.

• It was cold, wet and windy.

6. Adjectives, ending in -ing and -ed

There are adjectives ending in -ing and -ed. These are participle constructions, used like adjectives. Here are some examples:

A) Here the adjective is put before the noun:

• Yesterday I read an amusing story in a magazine.
• Doris has a boring job.
• We watched the group of excited people.

B) Here the adjective is put after the verb:

• I was not at all amused by the discussion.
• Children get bored very quickly.
• The end of the film was really exciting for me.

Comparison of adjectives in English

Grammatical constructions used for comparing adjectives

There are three forms of comparison:

• positive
• comparative
• superlative

1. Comparison with -er/-est

clean → cleaner → (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

1.1. Adjectives with one syllable

positive	comparative	superlative
clean	cleaner	cleanest
new	newer	newest
cheap	cheaper	cheapest

1.2. Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

1.2.1. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

positive	comparative	superlative
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest
easy	easier	easiest
happy	happier	happiest
pretty	prettier	prettiest

1.2.2. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

positive	comparative	superlative
clever	cleverer	cleverest

1.2.3. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

positive	comparative	superlative
simple	simpler	simplest

1.2.4. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

positive	comparative	superlative
narrow	narrower	narrowest

1.3. Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

positive	comparative	superlative	comment
large	larger	largest	leave out the silent -e
big	bigger	biggest	Double the consonant after short vowel
sad	sadder	saddest
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest	Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)
shy	shyer	shyest	Here -y is not changed to -i.(although consonant before -y)

2. Comparison with more – most

all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables – see 2.1. to 2.4.)

positive	comparative	superlative
difficult	more difficult	(the) most difficult

3. Irregular adjectives

positive	comparative	superlative	comment
good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
much	more	most	uncountable nouns
many	more	most	countable nouns
little	less	least
small	smaller	smallest

4. Special adjectives

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (-er/est and more/most).

positive	comparative	superlative
clever	cleverer / more clever	cleverest / most clever
common	commoner / more common	commonest / most common
likely	likelier / more likely	likeliest / most likely
pleasant	pleasanter / more pleasant	pleasantest / most pleasant
polite	politer / more polite	politest / most polite
quiet	quieter / more quiet	quietest / most quiet
simple	simpler / more simple	simplest / most simple
stupid	stupider / more stupid	stupidest / most stupid
subtle	subtler / more subtle	subtlest / most subtle
sure	surer / more sure	surest / most sure

5. Difference in meaning with adjectives

positive	comparative	superlative	comment
far	farther	farthest	distance
further	furthest	distance or time
late	later	latest
latter	x
x	last
old	older	oldest	people and things
elder	eldest	people (family)
near	nearer	nearest	distance
x	next	order